当社グループは 3,000 以上の世界的なカンファレンスシリーズ 米国、ヨーロッパ、世界中で毎年イベントが開催されます。 1,000 のより科学的な学会からの支援を受けたアジア および 700 以上の オープン アクセスを発行ジャーナルには 50,000 人以上の著名人が掲載されており、科学者が編集委員として名高い
。オープンアクセスジャーナルはより多くの読者と引用を獲得
700 ジャーナル と 15,000,000 人の読者 各ジャーナルは 25,000 人以上の読者を獲得
Nasir Mohamad, Nurfadhlina M, Nazila T, Ahmad A, Nor Hidayah Abu Bakar, Hussein H, Khafidz I and Ismail R
The sharing of injection needles among drug user is a leading cause for the spread of HIV/AIDS. Malaysia introduced methadone as a management of heroin dependents to reduce HIV spread. Methadone has variable pharmacokinetics and CYP3A4 has been implicated in its metabolism. The objective of this study therefore was to determine if polymorphisms exist with CYP3A4 among opiate users in Malaysia. This study was approved by Ethics Committees at University of Malaya and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Control subjects comprised blood donors, students and residents of a village. Opiate-dependents were from methadone clinics and drop-in centers. They signed a written-informed consent to participate and gave blood for DNA CYP3A4 genotyping. DNA was extracted using QIAgen DNA mini kit. A nested two-step allele specific PCR method was developed to detect CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A4*3, CYP3A4*4, CYP3A4*5, CYP3A4*6, CYP3A4*7, CYP3A4*8, CYP3A4*9, CYP3A4*10, CYP3A4*11, CYP3A4*12, CYP3A4*13, CYP3A4*14, CYP3A4*15 and CYP3A4*16. Normal controls comprised Malays, Chinese and Indians but opiate-dependent subjects were majority Malay males. Control subjects all carried the wild-type gene. Mutant CYP3A4*1B allele was found in 2.17% of opiate-dependent subjects. Our results revealed that CYP3A4 was not polymorphic among Malaysian Malays, Chinese and Indians who were not opiate-dependent. To date, we are not aware of any study to associate CYP3A4 polymorphism and heroin addiction. It is conceivable that altered CYP3A4 function may contribute towards addiction liabilities in subsets of individuals. We conclude that CYP3A4 is polymorphic among heroin-dependent individuals. The mutation, CYP3A4*1B is not silent. This may have implications on heroin addiction liability as well as on dose requirements for MMT and HAART.