先進的なイノベーション、思想、アイデアの国際ジャーナル

抽象的な

The Role of Personal Beliefs and Cognitive Avoidance in the Tempting Ideas of Addicts Who are Under Treatment by Preventive Medicine

Zahra Deh Vadar1*, Faezeh Sajjadi2 , Hassan Fakouri Hajiyar3 , Khadijeh Mazhari Zanoon3 and Sima NewRozi3

Background and objective: Because of the increases
in the number of drug abusers and addicts in the recent
decades in most countries in the world, expansive and
costly projects are being accomplished locally,
nationally and internationally in order to fight against
drug abuse. Objective of this survey is to determine the
relationship between personal beliefs and personal
avoidance with tempting ideas in addicts under
treatment by preventive medicine. Methodology: This
survey is a descriptive study and uses correlation
patterns. Statistical population of this survey is the
individuals suffering from drug abuse who are under
preventive treatment in the city of Mashhad, individuals
who have attended 5 substance and drug abuse
treatment centers in this city in 2015-2016 (according
to the data achieved from these centers, there were 250
clients). In order to select the survey samples, 180
individuals were determined (determining sample size
by the use of Cochrane ’s formula), and they were
asked to respond to questionnaire items. The applied
questionnaires in this study were: Survey of Personal
Beliefs (SPB), Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire
(CAQ) and Craving Beliefs Questionnaire (CBQ).
Results: The results of multiple regression analysis
showed that personal beliefs, elements of other-directed
should and high tolerance of failure are predicting
factors of tempting ideas in the addicts under treatment
by preventive medicine. The results also showed that
the elements of cognitive avoidance as well as
appeasement and substitution thoughts are the
predictive elements of tempting ideas in the addicts
under treatment by preventive medicine. In order to
study the simultaneous role of personal beliefs and
personal avoidance, the results showed that the
elements of none-awfulization and high frustration
tolerance (personal beliefs) have positive roles, and the
cognitive avoidance elements including: thought
appeasement and substitution have positive roles in
prediction of tempting ideas. Conclusion: The results of
this survey showed that cognitive structures such as
personal beliefs and cognitive avoidance are predictive
elements of tempting ideas in the addicts.Drug abuse is
one of the important hygienic, social and economic
problems in many countries. The problem of addiction to
drugs is one of the important and serious issues in the
international level which has attracted a lot of attention
to itself in terms of economic, social, political and
physiologica. Most addicts stop using drugs many times
during their addiction period, but start using drugs again
after some time [6]. Addiction, like any other chronic
disorder, needs timely management of treatment [5].
Many theorists in the field of drug abuse believe that
emotional factors are effective on the individuals ’
tendency to use drugs and on the level of temptation of
the people under treatment. Temptation is one of the
important factors experienced in the time of drug abuse.
World Health Organization has recognized temptation as
the basic reason for dependence on drugs, losing control
and return to drugs [7]. In many modern definitions of
medical dependence, temptation has been mentioned as
the central phenomenon and the main factor in
continuation of drug use as well as the main factor of
return to drug use after treatment periods [8]. The term “
desire ” or “ temptation ” has a fundamental role in
explaining many of the addictive behaviours. The
applied method in this study is descriptive and its type is
correlative. The statistical population includes the
individuals suffering from drug abuse under preventive
treatment in the city of Mashhad in the time period 2014-
2015; individuals who have referred to 5 drug abuse
treatment centers in this city. In order to select the survey
samples out of the clients of these centers, 180
individuals were selected by the use of Cochrane’s
formula. They were asked to respond to survey
questionnaire items. The inclusion criteria to the survey
were: diagnosis of dependence on opium, heroin and
crack as the last abused substance according to the
Diagnostic.
Keywords:Personal beliefs; Cognitive avoidance;